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At the International Society for Utilitarian Studies conference held in the German town of Karlsruhe, Prof. Emmanuelle de Champs presented some recent findings on Bentham鈥檚 contacts with Germany.
In the 1770s and 1780s, while he was drafting his first plans for a thorough reform of criminal legislation according to utilitarian principles, Bentham had his eyes set eastwards, especially on Frederick the Great鈥檚 Prussia.
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Naturally, Bentham thought of Frederick as one of the rulers to whom his plans could be directed. As early as the autumn of 1779, as his younger brother Samuel was passing through Prussia on his way to make his fortune in Russia, Bentham made plans for having his work on the Penal Code translated into German by Rudolf Eric Raspe 鈥� a literary adventurer was later to write the Adventures of Baron Munchausen (see Bentham鈥檚 , p. 287n, 335).
听听听听听听听听听听听 On April 14th, 1780, Frederick II announced that work on a code of laws should be taken up again, starting with the reform of civil law. The reform programme was set out by Carl Gottlieb Suarez and Johann Heinrich Casimir, Count von Carmer, in a volume published the following year.
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Bentham did not read German. However, a review of this book published in July 1781 in the periodical G枚ttingische听Gelehrte Anzeigen somehow came to his attention and he decided to write to Frederick the Great. In a draft letter written in French, the language he had in common with the King, he presented him with a copy of the recently printed An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation. These principles, he boasted 鈥渁re equally good for London and for Berlin鈥�. This code was 鈥渕ade for the needs of the eighteenth century and according to the needs of the eighteenth century鈥�. But this draft remained unfinished and unsent, and no German translation of the Code, nor of IPML, came out at the time. (Manuscript sources: UC, clxix, 14-17).
听听听听听听听听听听听 Bentham鈥檚 contacts with Germany remained vicarious until the 27th of December 1787, when he arrived in Berlin, on his way back from Russia where he had been visiting Samuel in Kritchev. He remained in town for a fortnight. By then, he could not hope to meet Frederick the Great: the King had died in 1786. In Berlin, Bentham checked recent books on German jurisprudence and went to the Opera, as we learn from his (p.616). He spent most of his time with a Doctor Brown, an English physician employed at the court of Frederick-William, the new king. Little is known of his other activities.
听听听听听听听听听听听 The registers of the Akademie der Wissenschaften, the German Academy of Sciences (follow for a digital edition of earlier registers), founded by Frederick the Great as a hub to attract Enlightened thinkers from across Europe however contain a trace of Bentham鈥檚 visit. Two of the foreigners who attended the session on January 3rd 1788 are certainly no other than Bentham and Brown, the spellings having been 鈥淕ermanised鈥� for the occasion into 鈥淢. de Bentheim鈥� and 鈥淒r. Braun鈥�.
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In Berlin, Bentham finally had the opportunity to brush shoulders with the cosmopolitan Enlightenment circles he valued so highly, even as an obscure visitor.
He would certainly have appreciated that Germany should be, 230 years later, a new hub for Utilitarian studies 鈥� and the Karlsruhe conference, with numerous panels on his thought and that of other Utilitarians, certainly did him proud.